The Voice of the African Collision Repair Industry

Automotive Refinisher magazine is the largest African collision repair publication. After three decades, we are still passionate about all corners of our industry and feature articles on the latest launched vehicles and the best collision repair shops and vehicle refinishes locally and abroad. We pride ourselves in keeping our readers up to date with the latest trends in repair, training courses and other interesting technical stories. In this ever changing fast-paced business, we feel the need to keep the repair network well informed so they may take their business to the next level. Automotive Refinisher is a proudly South African publication, which is not only enjoyed in South Africa but throughout Africa and international markets

Breaking News

SAB LAUNCHES DON’T DRINK AND DRIVE CAMPAIGN AHEAD OF FESTIVE SEASON

The South African Breweries has launched a campaign aimed at discouraging consumers to not drink and drive. This is part of the company’s commitment to deter drink driving behaviour by challenging South Africans to realise the consequences of drinking and driving.

CITROéN C3 AND DS3 MANUFACTURED BETWEEN 2009 AND 2019 REQUIRE URGENT AIRBAG REPLACEMENT

Citroën C3 and DS3 models (2009-2019) with Takata airbags must have these airbags replaced urgently. Owners should stop driving and contact their dealership for a free replacement, which takes under two hours. The replacement ensures safety due to potential airbag inflator rupture in collisions. Citroën prioritizes customer safety.

SA’s AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR CAN LEARN FROM THAILAND PRODUCTION MODEL

In the late 1990s, South Africa and Thailand’s automotive sectors were comparable in size and key metrics. Today, Thailand’s sector produces three times more vehicles than South Africa and employs over 400 000 people. Flexible yet consistent policies prioritising consumer demand linked production and component localisation were highlighted as fundamental for encouraging sector development.

LAUNCH OF GLASURIT’S 100 LINE IN SA

As companies face increasing pressure to balance quality, efficiency, and sustainability, the 100 Line offers a comprehensive solution that is set to elevate industry standards and foster growth.
One of the most significant advantages of the 100 Line is its focus on superior colour matching, speed and sustainability.

AUTOMECHANIKA DUBAI

Automechanika Dubai 2024 will provide a comprehensive platform that delves into the industry’s latest trends, innovations, and challenges on a global and regional scale. The topics will revolve around five global pillars: sustainability, electrification and digitalisation, innovation, training, and recruitment, as well as focusing on safety within the aftermarket sector.

EXCLUSIVE NEW PARTNERSHIP WITH CONCEPT 23

It’s official! Concept 23 are the new exclusive partners for JTAPE in South Africa. They manufacture and distribute an excellent range of specialist masking, mounting, customising and detailing tapes that are easy-to-use, save time, reduce waste and save you money.

RHODE ISLAND UPDATE ON OEM PARTS

Rhode Island’s SB 2440, passed this year, prohibits insurers from refusing OEM parts for vehicles 48-72 months old without written consent. The bill, focusing on non-glass OEM parts, aims to ensure repair quality and prevent insurers from mandating aftermarket parts, addressing unfair consumer practices and potentially increasing repair costs.

whats hot

AUTOMECHANIKA FRANKFURT 2024

Automechanika Frankfurt showcased innovation with over 4 200 exhibitors and five stages of lectures and workshops. Highlights included practical demonstrations for body and paint professionals. Key exhibits featured Axalta’s digital platform, PPG’s sustainable tools, Glasurit’s Alfa CR4/CR6 mixing machine and much more.

SOUTH AFRICA’S KAI SHINES AT WORLDSKILLS

In a remarkable showcase of talent and determination, Kai, a seventeen-year-old from South Africa, is making waves at the WorldSkills competition in France. Representing South Africa in automotive spray painting, Kai’s journey is a testament to his skill and perseverance. His challenges as a deaf, autistic individual fuelled his inspiring success.

THE REPAIRER CONUNDRUM ON REPAIR VERSUS REPLACE

Damage quantification in vehicle repair involves balancing safety with cost, especially in a deflated economy. Rising part costs and vehicle depreciation challenge the repair versus replacement decisions. OEM collaboration and regulatory support are needed for effective repairs. Skilled repairers can ensure safety and sustainability, making repair a viable option when done correctly.

MG AUTO PAINT; SMALL BUSINESS SUCCESS

In the cut-throat world of automotive refinish paint sales you need to be a special type of individual to survive in the aftermarket collision supply chain. Mikale Gungaram fits the bill really well. He and his extended family have been working hard supplying body shop and DIY outlets since the 1990s.

FIRST BATTERY SETS INDUSTRY STANDARD IN BATTERY RECYCLING

First Battery’s Benoni plant in Gauteng efficiently recycles lead-acid batteries with advanced technology, including battery breakers and lead smelters. Processing 80 tons daily, the plant separates and repurposes components, supporting environmental responsibility and sustainability.

new products

DEBEER MM9201 METALLIC BRIGHT SILVER

DeBeer’s MM9021 Metallic Bright Silver toner in the WaterBase 900+ Series simplifies working with chrome-like finishes. It offers a clean, light appearance with dark flop and excellent adhesion. This toner ensures precise colour matching, reducing rework risks, and guarantees first-time accuracy for popular OEMs.

FESTOOL CORDLESS MOBILE DUST EXTRACTOR CLEANTEC CTMC SYS-BASIC

The Systainer extractor system from Festool includes a crevice nozzle, filter bag, main filter, and more. It offers maximum mobility with a cordless design, 36 V turbine, and 2 x 18 V batteries. Featuring Bluetooth® autostart and a remote control, it provides powerful, dust-free performance and seamless compatibility with tools and accessories.

HURRICANE EQUIPMENT CHASSIS BENCH SYSTEMS

Hurricane Equipment offers pre-owned and reconditioned Car-O-Liner benches and measuring systems for along with new W1000 and Crafter benches.

U-POL HIGH BUILD PRIMER S2025

U-Pol’s new primer formulation excels in direct-to-metal applications, offering excellent opacity, high film builds, and easy sanding. It supports air dry, low bake, or IR curing systems and is ideal for both spot repairs and full panel applications with system hardeners.

GRINDING TECH – BRAKE AND CLUTCH SKIMMING PARTNER

Grinding Techniques has been crafting ANDOR abrasives since 1981, specializing in brake and clutch reconditioning. Our grinding media, including straight and tapered cup wheels, offer superior form holding, cool grinding, and high stock removal. Enhance your revenue and productivity with fewer passes. Partner with us to optimize performance today.

Future Tech

THE CURIOUS CASE OF A DISAPPEARING JAGUAR

Jaguar built its iconic brand through stunning cars, wartime vision, five Le Mans wins, and daring high-speed European journeys. Achieving this over fifty years with a fraction of Mercedes-Benz’s resources, Jaguar’s success relied on a small team and a modest budget, yet left a lasting legacy.

TAKING STOCK – TIME TO LOOK AT ELECTRIFICATION SAFETY

On 10th December 1997 Toyota introduced the first generation of Prius that went on sale in Japan. The primary objective was to build a vehicle with improved fuel economy, like Honda did.

DISAPPEARING CARS – RELIABILITY AND REPAIRABILITY

Globally the vehicle manufacturing industry has undergone a revolution – hybrids during the early part of this century, and then in the past decade, full electric drive. The upshot is while some markets are driven towards a political electric only “Utopia”, others are dealing with far more practical matters.

VEHICLE MANUFACTURER POWER PLAY

The wonderful world of vehicle manufacturers is under massive pressure to change, driven by legislation, consumer choices and international trading. The collision repairers are down stream of this, and the increasing chaos will have quite an effect, eventually.

AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES – FACT OR FANTASY?

Andrew Marsh delves into the evolution of ADAS to full autonomy The engineering that is going on across the autonomous vehicle community is astounding, but all of the systems are prototypes.
He also questions how the manufacturers and repairers feature in this, as well as the flow of data needed for these vehicles.

Driven

NEW HYUNDIA i20

Hyundai’s new i20 has hit the road in South Africa with a refreshed, stylish design that is part of a well-rounded motoring package in the segment for hatchback cars, where it occupies a sizeable 10% share of this competitive part of the local car market.

FORD TRANSIT CUSTOM

Ford has introduced their new Transit Custom starting with the long wheelbase Van and promising more models later this year. Having claimed Europe’s best-selling one-ton award, the new model promises even more, thanks to consumer feedback which was incorporated into ergonomic design.

THE NEW BMW X2

The BMW X2 marks a significant stride forward in the evolution of the Sports Activity Coupé (SAC) concept. Its distinct design, characterised by a daring coupé silhouette and dynamic lines, ensures that the X2 captures attention with its charismatic presence. This second generation establishes a new standard in the premium compact segment.

NEW RANGE ROVER STEALTH PACK

In the latest rendition of the Range Rover Sport, the optional Stealth Pack catapults the vehicle’s performance to unprecedented levels, boasting a dark and dramatic theme that radiates sophistication and power. Every detail of the exterior is meticulously crafted to perfection, establishing a new realm of automotive excellence

ULTRA STYLISH NEW BMW 5 SERIES

The latest BMW 5 series has been launched in South Africa. There are two variants: an all-wheel drive electrified BMW i5 M60, embodying the premium brand’s commitment to future-forward mobility, complemented by a BMW 520d with 48-volt mild hybrid technology. Performance and good looks never disappoint with this manufacturer.

Breaking News

SAB LAUNCHES DON’T DRINK AND DRIVE CAMPAIGN AHEAD OF FESTIVE SEASON

The South African Breweries has launched a campaign aimed at discouraging consumers to not drink and drive. This is part of the company’s commitment to deter drink driving behaviour by challenging South Africans to realise the consequences of drinking and driving.

CITROéN C3 AND DS3 MANUFACTURED BETWEEN 2009 AND 2019 REQUIRE URGENT AIRBAG REPLACEMENT

Citroën C3 and DS3 models (2009-2019) with Takata airbags must have these airbags replaced urgently. Owners should stop driving and contact their dealership for a free replacement, which takes under two hours. The replacement ensures safety due to potential airbag inflator rupture in collisions. Citroën prioritizes customer safety.

SA’s AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR CAN LEARN FROM THAILAND PRODUCTION MODEL

In the late 1990s, South Africa and Thailand’s automotive sectors were comparable in size and key metrics. Today, Thailand’s sector produces three times more vehicles than South Africa and employs over 400 000 people. Flexible yet consistent policies prioritising consumer demand linked production and component localisation were highlighted as fundamental for encouraging sector development.

LAUNCH OF GLASURIT’S 100 LINE IN SA

As companies face increasing pressure to balance quality, efficiency, and sustainability, the 100 Line offers a comprehensive solution that is set to elevate industry standards and foster growth.
One of the most significant advantages of the 100 Line is its focus on superior colour matching, speed and sustainability.

AUTOMECHANIKA DUBAI

Automechanika Dubai 2024 will provide a comprehensive platform that delves into the industry’s latest trends, innovations, and challenges on a global and regional scale. The topics will revolve around five global pillars: sustainability, electrification and digitalisation, innovation, training, and recruitment, as well as focusing on safety within the aftermarket sector.

EXCLUSIVE NEW PARTNERSHIP WITH CONCEPT 23

It’s official! Concept 23 are the new exclusive partners for JTAPE in South Africa. They manufacture and distribute an excellent range of specialist masking, mounting, customising and detailing tapes that are easy-to-use, save time, reduce waste and save you money.

RHODE ISLAND UPDATE ON OEM PARTS

Rhode Island’s SB 2440, passed this year, prohibits insurers from refusing OEM parts for vehicles 48-72 months old without written consent. The bill, focusing on non-glass OEM parts, aims to ensure repair quality and prevent insurers from mandating aftermarket parts, addressing unfair consumer practices and potentially increasing repair costs.

Whats Hot

AUTOMECHANIKA FRANKFURT 2024

Automechanika Frankfurt showcased innovation with over 4 200 exhibitors and five stages of lectures and workshops. Highlights included practical demonstrations for body and paint professionals. Key exhibits featured Axalta’s digital platform, PPG’s sustainable tools, Glasurit’s Alfa CR4/CR6 mixing machine and much more.

SOUTH AFRICA’S KAI SHINES AT WORLDSKILLS

In a remarkable showcase of talent and determination, Kai, a seventeen-year-old from South Africa, is making waves at the WorldSkills competition in France. Representing South Africa in automotive spray painting, Kai’s journey is a testament to his skill and perseverance. His challenges as a deaf, autistic individual fuelled his inspiring success.

THE REPAIRER CONUNDRUM ON REPAIR VERSUS REPLACE

Damage quantification in vehicle repair involves balancing safety with cost, especially in a deflated economy. Rising part costs and vehicle depreciation challenge the repair versus replacement decisions. OEM collaboration and regulatory support are needed for effective repairs. Skilled repairers can ensure safety and sustainability, making repair a viable option when done correctly.

MG AUTO PAINT; SMALL BUSINESS SUCCESS

In the cut-throat world of automotive refinish paint sales you need to be a special type of individual to survive in the aftermarket collision supply chain. Mikale Gungaram fits the bill really well. He and his extended family have been working hard supplying body shop and DIY outlets since the 1990s.

FIRST BATTERY SETS INDUSTRY STANDARD IN BATTERY RECYCLING

First Battery’s Benoni plant in Gauteng efficiently recycles lead-acid batteries with advanced technology, including battery breakers and lead smelters. Processing 80 tons daily, the plant separates and repurposes components, supporting environmental responsibility and sustainability.

SPIES HECKER SUPPORTS REFINISHERS WITH STEP-BY-STEP 3 STAGE REPAIR OF PEARLESCENT WHITES

Pearlescent whites are tricky for refinishers when it comes to repairs. Spies Hecker have created an efficient process to repair this challenging finish. Spies Hecker are supplying their body shops with innovative products and an optimal process so that they can run profitable businesses, with training and products.

THE SOUNDS OF SILENCE

Rolls-Royce has a reputation for building cars that are exceptionally quiet, but here’s one that gives “the sound of silence” new meaning. It’s a 1933 Phantom II model, one of the most revered Rollers in a long history of exceptional cars, and it powered by an electric engine!

DEBEER MM9201 METALLIC BRIGHT SILVER

DeBeer’s MM9021 Metallic Bright Silver toner in the WaterBase 900+ Series simplifies working with chrome-like finishes. It offers a clean, light appearance with dark flop and excellent adhesion. This toner ensures precise colour matching, reducing rework risks, and guarantees first-time accuracy for popular OEMs.

GLOBAL NCAP- A CRASH TOO FAR?

The needless death of so many road users due to body structures not being stable in a 50 km/h frontal impact has almost disappeared in Europe and the US. Literally Euro NCAP has saved lives. Revolutionised body materials require expert repair to restore original performance, following manufacturer procedures after impact.

PPG ANNOUNCE THE REBRANDING OF THE GLADIATOR PROTECTIVE COATINGS PRODUCTS

The Gladiator product line consists of a 2K protective coating both in black and tintable and its ancillaries that deliver a textured-semi-matt finish with excellent durability, chemical resistance, and damage protection. The established tagline ‘The Invincible Coating’ remains unchanged as does the product formulation. They have merely refreshed their brand’s recognisable orange hue.

NEW PRODUCTS

DEBEER MM9201 METALLIC BRIGHT SILVER

DeBeer’s MM9021 Metallic Bright Silver toner in the WaterBase 900+ Series simplifies working with chrome-like finishes. It offers a clean, light appearance with dark flop and excellent adhesion. This toner ensures precise colour matching, reducing rework risks, and guarantees first-time accuracy for popular OEMs.

FESTOOL CORDLESS MOBILE DUST EXTRACTOR CLEANTEC CTMC SYS-BASIC

The Systainer extractor system from Festool includes a crevice nozzle, filter bag, main filter, and more. It offers maximum mobility with a cordless design, 36 V turbine, and 2 x 18 V batteries. Featuring Bluetooth® autostart and a remote control, it provides powerful, dust-free performance and seamless compatibility with tools and accessories.

HURRICANE EQUIPMENT CHASSIS BENCH SYSTEMS

Hurricane Equipment offers pre-owned and reconditioned Car-O-Liner benches and measuring systems for along with new W1000 and Crafter benches.

U-POL HIGH BUILD PRIMER S2025

U-Pol’s new primer formulation excels in direct-to-metal applications, offering excellent opacity, high film builds, and easy sanding. It supports air dry, low bake, or IR curing systems and is ideal for both spot repairs and full panel applications with system hardeners.

GRINDING TECH – BRAKE AND CLUTCH SKIMMING PARTNER

Grinding Techniques has been crafting ANDOR abrasives since 1981, specializing in brake and clutch reconditioning. Our grinding media, including straight and tapered cup wheels, offer superior form holding, cool grinding, and high stock removal. Enhance your revenue and productivity with fewer passes. Partner with us to optimize performance today.

CONCEPT 23 LAUNCH JTAPE LOCALLY

Concept 23 proudly announces an exclusive partnership with JTAPE, featuring smooth edge foam masking tape. This paint-absorbent tape ensures soft finishes and eliminates unwanted paint lines, streamlining the masking of door jambs. Boost efficiency and reduce costs in your body shop.

ENHANCED SPEED WITH OCTORAL

The recently developed Octoral C600 dries in 10 minutes. This is enhanced by using the clear, H61 Rapid Production Hardener Slow and can be used from small to large repair work and resprays. Efficiency is the name of the game with this duo.

CHALLENGER CL240 CLEAR COAT

Mix and Match are sole distributors for the Challenger range. The HS 240 clear provides a durable high gloss finish for a wide variety of application conditions.

U-POL AEROSOL RANGE

U-Pol offer a brilliant cost-effective aerosol range for refinishing. They are ideal for small repair and to complete a successful touch-up.

DRESTER GUN CLEANING MACHINE FROM CELETEE SA

The Drester Classic 2600 from Celette SA is a complete manual gun cleaner for efficient cleaning of spray guns and other tools. It is equipped with the unique Drester teflon diaphragm pump, specifically designed for use in gun cleaners. Automatic extraction protects the operator from hazardous fumes and improves the working environment.

FUTURE TECH

THE CURIOUS CASE OF A DISAPPEARING JAGUAR

Jaguar built its iconic brand through stunning cars, wartime vision, five Le Mans wins, and daring high-speed European journeys. Achieving this over fifty years with a fraction of Mercedes-Benz’s resources, Jaguar’s success relied on a small team and a modest budget, yet left a lasting legacy.

TAKING STOCK – TIME TO LOOK AT ELECTRIFICATION SAFETY

On 10th December 1997 Toyota introduced the first generation of Prius that went on sale in Japan. The primary objective was to build a vehicle with improved fuel economy, like Honda did.

DISAPPEARING CARS – RELIABILITY AND REPAIRABILITY

Globally the vehicle manufacturing industry has undergone a revolution – hybrids during the early part of this century, and then in the past decade, full electric drive. The upshot is while some markets are driven towards a political electric only “Utopia”, others are dealing with far more practical matters.

VEHICLE MANUFACTURER POWER PLAY

The wonderful world of vehicle manufacturers is under massive pressure to change, driven by legislation, consumer choices and international trading. The collision repairers are down stream of this, and the increasing chaos will have quite an effect, eventually.

AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES – FACT OR FANTASY?

Andrew Marsh delves into the evolution of ADAS to full autonomy The engineering that is going on across the autonomous vehicle community is astounding, but all of the systems are prototypes.
He also questions how the manufacturers and repairers feature in this, as well as the flow of data needed for these vehicles.

TRADE BARRIERS FOR EUROPE OR FIGHT BACK ON THE CARDS

Andrew takes us through the move towards even better vehicle design, which usually takes years but promises a future of longer life parts. The object is to reduce energy use in both the original manufactured ‘new’ vehicle as well as parts for service or repair, in order to survive today.

MANUFACTURERS RUNNING HARD TO GO NOWHERE FAST

With loads of product variation, leading to more difficult-to-get special parts due to lower production volumes – as well in Europe – product support ceasing five years after the last production of a model. The issues show up in trim items, unique panels, and all the parts typically used in collision repair.

AI CERTAINTY AND THE FUTURE

Those who seek profit and only see everyone else as a route to that profit, will invest in ever more complex ‘machines. The investors won’t care what the machine does as long as profit is delivered. Is this AI at its best? See what Andrew Marsh has to say.

GREY, BLUE, GREEN; THE COLOURS OF HYDROGEN

There are few economic ways to allow a wind turbine or solar farm to produce energy and store it. One route is batteries, which are expensive or another way is to use the otherwise wasted power to create pure hydrogen – ‘green’ hydrogen, to indicate it is made with renewable power.

DISTRESS AT RENAULT-NISSAN ALLIANCE AND AT FORD IN EUROPE

South Africa is in a better place, given most of the world is not following the European ‘BEV or else’ path to oblivion. Parts supply situation remains relatively strong due to domestic manufacturing. Literally the European losses will be gains for South Africa.

DRIVEN

NEW HYUNDIA i20

Hyundai’s new i20 has hit the road in South Africa with a refreshed, stylish design that is part of a well-rounded motoring package in the segment for hatchback cars, where it occupies a sizeable 10% share of this competitive part of the local car market.

FORD TRANSIT CUSTOM

Ford has introduced their new Transit Custom starting with the long wheelbase Van and promising more models later this year. Having claimed Europe’s best-selling one-ton award, the new model promises even more, thanks to consumer feedback which was incorporated into ergonomic design.

THE NEW BMW X2

The BMW X2 marks a significant stride forward in the evolution of the Sports Activity Coupé (SAC) concept. Its distinct design, characterised by a daring coupé silhouette and dynamic lines, ensures that the X2 captures attention with its charismatic presence. This second generation establishes a new standard in the premium compact segment.

NEW RANGE ROVER STEALTH PACK

In the latest rendition of the Range Rover Sport, the optional Stealth Pack catapults the vehicle’s performance to unprecedented levels, boasting a dark and dramatic theme that radiates sophistication and power. Every detail of the exterior is meticulously crafted to perfection, establishing a new realm of automotive excellence

ULTRA STYLISH NEW BMW 5 SERIES

The latest BMW 5 series has been launched in South Africa. There are two variants: an all-wheel drive electrified BMW i5 M60, embodying the premium brand’s commitment to future-forward mobility, complemented by a BMW 520d with 48-volt mild hybrid technology. Performance and good looks never disappoint with this manufacturer.

THE NEW TOYOTA LAND CRUISER 70 SERIES

The world’s capable rugged 4×4 often describe Toyota’s Land Cruiser, and the latest evolution is just that, with enhanced styling, technology and specifications as well. It blends heritage and modernity effortlessly and is still a head turner.

TOYOTA YARIS

In the realm of high-performance hatchbacks, the Toyota GR Yaris stands as a legendary figure, and it has just received a series of enhancements that aim to elevate its driving experience to new heights. The GR Yaris has undergone meticulous upgrades, embodying the relentless pursuit of excellence that Toyota is renowned for.

HONEY I STRETCHED THE JIMNY

Stuart Johnston takes a look at the updated Suzuki’s Jimny. It has such a fresh honesty about it – its no-nonsense mechanical specification, its back-to-basics squared-off trad SUV styling, and its at an affordable price. What’s not to like about that!

 ALL NEW HONDA HR-V

The new Honda HR-V is a head turner and comes with a full-house of latest technology and safety features. It has tons of space inside and the drive and handling is precise and comfortable.

THE BMW M340i

The BMW M340i xDrive has great driving dynamics with its powerhouse set-up. It is sporty and sophisticated at the same time and is a delight to drive. There are a host of performance-enhancing features to deliver exhilarating driving. A good choice for a driver looking for luxury and performance.

DRIVEN

With three motoring-journalists on our staff, we are able to test drive and review some of the latest models available on our roads as well as attend the latest model launches.

TRAINING

Knowledge is power. Training is key to up-skilling repairers as models launch onto our local roads faster than we can count. We also need to grow new talent into the collision repair industry. Courses are available to help and organisations are in place to train - this information is in Industry Index.

CLASSIC CARS & RESTORATIONS

Classic cars are the next big investment. As such the sector of restoration is growing in the realms of collision repair and it’s definitely the “sexier” side of the business. There are many opportunities to create exotic special-builds as well as keep timeless beauties in mint condition.

classic corner & resoration

Classic cars are the next big investment. As such the sector of restoration is growing in the realms of collision repair and it’s definitely the “sexier” side of the business. There are many opportunities to create exotic special-builds as well as keep timeless beauties in mint condition.

TRAINING

Knowledge is power. Keeping up-to-date with the latest techniques and technology is extremely important.Training is key to up-skilling repairers as models launch onto our local roads, as well as bringing new talent into the collision repair industry. Courses are available to help, organisations are in place to train and we have other helpful information that may crop-up when fixing the cars of now, and those that are still to come.

DRIVEN

With three motoring-journalists on our staff, we are able to test drive and review some of the latest models available on our roads as well as attend the latest model launches.